In Bulgaria, Carnival is known as Sirni Zagovezni, a holiday deeply rooted in tradition and spiritual symbolism. The name comes from the Bulgarian word “sirene”, meaning cheese, as people traditionally consumed dairy products on this day before the beginning of the Lenten fast.

This celebration is centered around forgiveness, purification, and preparation for spiritual renewal, making it a perfect way to welcome spring.

I had the opportunity to participate in a Sirni Zagovezni ritual on Sunday, March 2nd. It was an incredibly unique experience—something I had only encountered in a similar form in Brazil.

The ritual unfolded in two parts.

In the first, participants danced in circles around a bonfire, holding hands—a symbol of protection and unity. Women wore traditional Bulgarian clothing, while some men dressed as Kukeri—figures from folklore known for their elaborate, terrifying masks and the large bells tied around their waists. The Kukeri performed a ritual dance designed to chase away evil spirits. Interestingly, the word Kukeri comes from the Slavic word kuka, meaning “evil spirit,” and there was even a pre-Slavic deity named Kuk.

The second part of the ritual was just as fascinating. Many children jumped over the bonfire as a symbolic act of health and protection against dark forces. One particularly striking moment was when an elderly woman rubbed charcoal on my face—and on the faces of others—as a gesture of good luck.

Later that evening, as I returned home and stepped into an elevator, I was startled when I caught my reflection in the mirror—my face still bore the marks of the ritual.

This experience deepened my appreciation for the rich cultural heritage of Bulgaria, where Christian and pagan traditions blend seamlessly. Unlike many modern festivities, Sirni Zagovezni has retained its deep spiritual and symbolic meaning.

How It Compares to Italian Carnival

The Bulgarian Carnival is strikingly different from its Italian counterpart.

While Sirni Zagovezni is focused on spiritual renewal, protection, and tradition, Italian Carnival—especially in Venice—is more about luxury, masks, and entertainment. The Italian celebration emphasizes extravagance and external beauty, whereas the Bulgarian festival preserves centuries-old folklore and mystical rituals.

Furthermore, Venetian Carnival, though iconic, only dates back to the 18th century, whereas Sirni Zagovezni has roots in ancient pre-Christian traditions.

Experiencing Sirni Zagovezni first hand made me realize how Bulgarians have successfully preserved their deep cultural heritage, keeping alive a tradition that combines both Christian and pagan elements—something truly rare in today’s world.

Ylenia Majo